Anuradhapura
Anuradhapura is a historic city located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. It is one of the country's ancient capitals and holds great significance in Sri Lankan history and culture. Anuradhapura served as the capital of Sri Lanka for over a millennium, from the 4th century BC to the 11th century AD, during the reign of numerous Sri Lankan kings.
The city is renowned for its well-preserved archaeological ruins, which provide insight into the advanced civilization that once flourished there. The ancient city of Anuradhapura was a center of political, religious, and cultural activities, and it played a pivotal role in the spread of Buddhism throughout Sri Lanka.
One of the most significant landmarks in Anuradhapura is the Sri Maha Bodhi tree, which is believed to be a sapling from the original Bodhi tree in Bodhgaya, India, under which Lord Buddha attained enlightenment. It is one of the oldest historically documented trees in the world and holds immense religious importance for Buddhists.
Anuradhapura was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982 due to its rich historical and cultural value. The city continues to attract visitors from around the world who come to explore its ancient ruins and experience the serene and spiritual ambiance it offers.
Today, Anuradhapura remains a significant pilgrimage site for Buddhists, and several religious ceremonies and festivals are held throughout the year. The city's historical and cultural importance, coupled with its architectural marvels, make it a must-visit destination for those interested in exploring Sri Lanka's rich heritage.
Best Time to Visit
When planning your trip to Anuradhapura, it's essential to consider both the weather and cultural events.
Weather: The best time to visit Anuradhapura weather-wise is typically during the dry season, which runs from January to March. During these months, you can expect relatively less rainfall and more comfortable temperatures, which makes it easier to explore the ancient ruins and the city on foot or by bicycle. While the wet season (from October to December) brings more rain, travel is still possible during this time, and the scenery can be particularly lush and beautiful.
Festivals: Anuradhapura is a spiritual hub in Sri Lanka, and attending a local festival can provide a deep insight into the culture. The city is a significant location for Theravada Buddhism, and as such, is home to several important festivals. The Poson Festival in June, which marks the arrival of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, is a significant event. It includes processions, lantern lighting, and other festive activities, making it a fascinating time to visit, despite it being outside the dry season.
Crowd Consideration: Peak tourist season in Sri Lanka is from December to March. This means that if you're aiming for fewer crowds, visiting outside these months might be a better choice, even though the weather might be less predictable.
How to Get There
Getting to Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka involves several steps, especially if you're traveling from outside of Sri Lanka.
By Air: The nearest international airport to Anuradhapura is Bandaranaike International Airport in Colombo, the capital city of Sri Lanka. This is the most common point of entry for international travelers.
From Colombo to Anuradhapura:
By Train: The most scenic way to get to Anuradhapura from Colombo is by train. The journey can take anywhere from 3 to 6 hours depending on the train service chosen. There are a few express trains every day from Colombo Fort Station to Anuradhapura, and it's advisable to book in advance especially during peak season.
By Bus: Regular bus services operate from Colombo to Anuradhapura, and it's a cheaper option compared to the train. However, the journey can be quite long (up to 6-7 hours) and a bit uncomfortable due to the lack of legroom and the often crowded nature of the buses.
By Car: Hiring a private vehicle with a driver is a common practice in Sri Lanka for long-distance travel. The journey from Colombo to Anuradhapura by car takes about 4 to 5 hours depending on the traffic and the route taken.
From Other Cities in Sri Lanka: Anuradhapura is also accessible from other major cities in Sri Lanka such as Kandy, Dambulla, and Sigiriya. Regular bus services, as well as train connections (from certain cities), are available.
How to get Around
Getting around Anuradhapura, especially the Old City and its ruins, can be an adventure in itself. Here are some of the most common options:
Bicycle: Anuradhapura is quite flat and spread out, making bicycles an ideal way to get around. Many guesthouses and local shops rent bicycles for a small fee. Biking around the ancient city gives you the freedom to explore at your own pace and visit the more remote sites that may be harder to reach with other modes of transport.
Tuk-Tuk: Tuk-tuks, or auto-rickshaws, are ubiquitous in Sri Lanka. These small, three-wheeled vehicles are perfect for short distances or for visiting attractions that are further away. It's important to negotiate the price before you start the trip, as not all tuk-tuks have meters. Some drivers offer guided tours of the city, which can be a convenient option if you prefer to have someone else handle the navigation.
Walking: If you're staying in the center of the city and only plan to visit the main sites, walking is a feasible option. The city is quite pedestrian-friendly, and this mode of transport allows you to take your time and absorb the beauty and historic atmosphere of Anuradhapura.
Car/Van with Driver: If you prefer a more comfortable mode of transport, or if you're traveling in a group, you might want to consider hiring a car or a van with a driver. This can be arranged through most hotels or travel agencies.
Bus: There are public buses that connect different parts of Anuradhapura, but they can get quite crowded, and routes may be challenging to navigate if you're not familiar with the local language.
Most Popular Attractions and Activities to See and Do in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Top 10 Attractions in Anuradhapura
Anuradhapura, with its rich cultural heritage and numerous historical sites, offers several attractions for visitors:
Sri Maha Bodhi Tree: The sacred fig tree is believed to be a sapling from the original Bodhi tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. It's considered one of the oldest living trees in the world.
Ruwanwelisaya Stupa: One of the most important Buddhist structures in Sri Lanka, this white domed stupa is an impressive sight. It's one of the largest in the world and is beautifully lit up at night.
Jetavanaramaya Stupa: This red brick stupa was once the third tallest structure in the world after the Pyramids of Giza. Even today, it remains an impressive monument.
Abhayagiri Monastery: This was once a major monastic center with a community of thousands of monks. Today, you can explore its ruins and the nearby Abhayagiri Stupa.
Isurumuniya Temple: Known for its rock carvings, particularly "The Lovers", this temple also offers beautiful views of the surrounding area.
Thuparamaya: The oldest stupa in Sri Lanka, Thuparamaya was built by King Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BCE.
Samadhi Buddha Statue: This statue, considered one of the best examples of Buddhist sculpture in Sri Lanka, depicts the Buddha in a state of deep meditation.
Archaeological Museum: To better understand the history and significance of the sites you're visiting, a trip to the Archaeological Museum can be very worthwhile.
Kuttam Pokuna (Twin Ponds): These well-preserved ancient baths were once used by monks for bathing and are still in good condition, showcasing the advanced engineering skills of the ancient Sinhalese.
Ritigala Monastery: Although a bit off the beaten track and closer to Habarana, this ancient forest monastery offers a unique visit where nature and ancient ruins coexist.
Most of these sites are located within the Sacred City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and can be easily visited in a few days. Don't forget to dress respectfully (covering your knees and shoulders) when visiting these religious and historical sites.
Top 10 Activities to do in Anuradhapura
Visiting Anuradhapura is like stepping back in time, and there are plenty of activities to immerse yourself in the history and culture of this ancient city. Here are some top activities:
Explore Ancient Ruins: With a history that dates back over 2,000 years, the city is filled with ancient ruins, temples, and stupas. Spend a few days exploring these impressive sites.
Cycle Around the City: Rent a bicycle and take a leisurely ride around the city. Many of the ruins are spread out over a large area, and cycling is a great way to get from one site to another.
Visit Local Markets: Visit local markets to experience daily life in Anuradhapura. This is a great way to try local foods and buy unique souvenirs.
Participate in Poya (Full Moon) Festivities: If you're in Anuradhapura during a full moon, you'll have the opportunity to participate in the Poya festivities. This monthly Buddhist holiday is marked by a day of religious observance and a prohibition of selling alcohol and meat. Locals and tourists alike visit temples and participate in various ceremonies.
Witness Sunrise or Sunset at a Stupa: Watching the sunrise or sunset at one of the city's massive stupas is a truly magical experience.
Take a Traditional Cooking Class: Sri Lankan cuisine is delicious and diverse. Join a cooking class to learn how to prepare traditional dishes.
Enjoy a Nature Walk: Head to nearby national parks like Wilpattu or Minneriya for a safari and a chance to see Sri Lanka's diverse wildlife, including elephants and leopards.
Visit Mihintale: Just a short distance from Anuradhapura is Mihintale, a mountain peak that's considered the birthplace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The climb to the top offers breathtaking views.
Explore Anuradhapura by Tuk-Tuk: Take a tuk-tuk tour of Anuradhapura to cover more ground and see the sights with a knowledgeable local guide.
Bird Watching: Sri Lanka is rich in bird species, and Anuradhapura and its surroundings offer great opportunities for bird watching. Consider hiring a local guide to help you spot and identify various species.
Best Shopping
Shopping in Anuradhapura is a bit different compared to Sri Lanka's more commercialized cities like Colombo or Kandy. The city is more renowned for its historical and religious significance than for shopping. However, you can still find some local gems and unique souvenirs to take home.
Local Handicrafts: Anuradhapura and the surrounding region is known for its unique handicrafts. Look out for beautifully crafted wood and stone carvings, brassware, pottery, and batik textiles.
Buddhist Artifacts: As a center of Buddhist culture, Anuradhapura offers a wide variety of Buddhist-inspired items, including statues, incense, and other religious artifacts.
Gemstones: Sri Lanka is famous for its precious gemstones, and while Anuradhapura is not a major gem trading center, you can still find stores selling jewelry featuring local gems like sapphires, rubies, and moonstones.
Spices: Sri Lanka is also known for its rich variety of spices, which you can purchase as gifts or to try your hand at Sri Lankan cooking at home. Cinnamon, curry powders, cardamom, and cloves are just some of the options available.
Tea: Don't miss out on buying Ceylon Tea, one of Sri Lanka's most famous exports. There are a few tea shops in the city where you can sample and buy a variety of flavors.
Local Markets: For a more authentic shopping experience, visit the local markets. The Anuradhapura new town has several shops and markets where you can buy everything from fresh produce to clothes and household items.
When shopping in Sri Lanka, always remember to check the quality of goods, especially when buying precious items like gemstones and jewelry. Bargaining is common in markets, but not usually in established stores or shops selling high-value items.
Entertainment & Nightlife
Anuradhapura, being an ancient city and a significant religious center in Sri Lanka, does not have a vibrant nightlife in the way cities like Colombo or other tourist destinations might. The focus here is more on history, culture, and spirituality rather than on entertainment and nightlife. Many of the activities here revolve around exploring the ancient ruins, visiting the sacred Buddhist sites, and enjoying the natural beauty of the area.
However, there are still a few ways to spend your evenings in Anuradhapura:
Nighttime Stupa Visits: Some of the city's stupas, like Ruwanwelisaya, are lit up at night, creating a serene and mystical atmosphere. These are open to visitors and are especially active during Poya (full moon) days and other religious festivals.
Dining: There are several restaurants and eateries in Anuradhapura where you can try traditional Sri Lankan food, as well as a variety of other cuisines. Enjoying a leisurely dinner is a common way to spend the evening.
Cultural Shows: Occasionally, hotels and other venues may host traditional Sri Lankan music and dance performances. Check with your accommodation for any events taking place during your visit.
Evening Walks or Bike Rides: The weather in the evenings is usually pleasant and perfect for a leisurely walk or bike ride around the city.
Relaxation: Many people visit Anuradhapura for a peaceful retreat. Spending the evening relaxing at your hotel, practicing yoga, or meditating can be an excellent way to unwind after a day of exploring.
Local Cuisine
Sri Lankan cuisine is a delightful mix of flavors, heavily influenced by the country's history, geography, and culture. In Anuradhapura, you'll have the opportunity to taste traditional dishes that are commonly found throughout Sri Lanka.
Rice and Curry: This is the staple dish in Sri Lanka, usually eaten for both lunch and dinner. The curry could be made from vegetables, fish, chicken, or beef, and is served with rice, usually accompanied by pickles, chutneys, and a poppadom.
Hoppers (Appa): Hoppers are bowl-shaped pancakes made from a fermented batter of rice flour and coconut milk. They can be eaten plain, with an egg cracked into the middle (egg hopper), or sweetened with treacle (pani appa).
String Hoppers (Indi Appa): These are small, noodle-like pancakes made from a dough of rice flour pressed out in a sieve to make strings, then steamed. They're typically served with curry or coconut sambol.
Kottu Roti: A popular street food, Kottu Roti is a stir-fry dish made from godamba roti (a type of flatbread), vegetables, egg, and your choice of meat, all chopped and mixed together on a flat grill.
Pol Sambol (Coconut Sambol): This spicy condiment is made from grated coconut mixed with chillies, onions, lime juice, and Maldive fish (cured tuna). It's typically served with rice and curries.
Kiribath (Milk Rice): This is a traditional Sri Lankan dish made from rice and coconut milk. It's often served for special occasions and is usually eaten with lunu miris (a sambol chilli sauce) or a banana.
Watalappan: A beloved dessert in Sri Lanka, Watalappan is a rich and creamy custard made from jaggery (a type of sugar), coconut milk, and a variety of spices including cardamom, cloves, and nutmeg.
Tea: Sri Lanka, formerly known as Ceylon, is one of the world's largest exporters of tea. Try a cup of the local brew, perhaps with a splash of milk and sugar.
When dining in Anuradhapura, you'll find options ranging from high-end restaurants to more budget-friendly local eateries and street food vendors. Always remember to try foods that suit your spice tolerance, as Sri Lankan cuisine can be quite spicy. However, most places will adjust the spice level if you request them to.
Accommodations
When visiting Anuradhapura, choosing where to stay can be based on factors like proximity to the historical sites, accessibility to transport, dining options, and the type of accommodation you prefer. Here are a few areas to consider:
Anuradhapura New Town: This is the commercial and transportation hub of the city. Staying in the New Town allows you to be close to shops, restaurants, markets, and the main bus and railway stations. This area has a variety of accommodation options, ranging from guest houses to mid-range and upscale hotels.
Anuradhapura Old Town: Located close to the ancient ruins and UNESCO World Heritage Sites, staying here provides easy access to the main attractions. There are numerous guesthouses and hotels in this area, many offering bike rentals which make it easy to explore the city.
Near Sri Maha Bodhi Tree: If your primary interest lies in the religious and historical sites, consider staying near the Sri Maha Bodhi Tree. This area is peaceful and convenient for visiting the sacred sites early in the morning or late in the evening when they are less crowded.
On the outskirts of Anuradhapura: For those looking for a more tranquil and natural setting away from the city hustle, consider staying on the outskirts of Anuradhapura. There are several resorts and lodges located close to the nearby lakes and surrounded by greenery, providing a serene atmosphere.
